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How do you form thioester?

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How do you form thioester?

The most typical route to thioester involves the reaction of an acid chloride with an alkali metal salt of a thiol: RSNa + R′COCl → R′COSR + NaCl. Another common route entails the displacement of halides by the alkali metal salt of a thiocarboxylic acid.

Is a thioester bond a covalent bond?

Thioester bonds are, however, important structural and functional features of certain proteins, including C3. It is this bond that confers upon C3 the ability to form covalent bonds with cell-surface macromolecules, immune complexes, and a variety of small molecules in solution (LAW and LEVINE 1977; LAW etal.

Are thioester bonds stabilized by resonance?

The thioester bond is a high energy bond. This is apparently because resonance structures which can occur in esters with alcohols, and which stabilizes them, cannot occur in thioesters.

Why are thioesters used in metabolism?

In the metabolism of lipids (fats and oils), thioesters are the principal form of activated carboxylate groups. They are employed as acyl carriers, assisting with the transfer of acyl groups such as fatty acids from one acyl X substrate to another.

Why is thioester more reactive than ester?

A thioester is more reactive than an ester, for example, because a thiolate (RS-) is a weaker base and better leaving group than an alcoxide (RO-). Thioesters, for example, are often converted directly into carboxylic esters in biochemical reactions, but not the other way around.

Are esters resonance stabilized?

Due to unshared electrons on oxygen, esters are comprised of two resonance structures which contribute to its stability and reactivity.

What is the structural basis for adenylation and thioester bond?

Canonical Ub/Ubl conjugation cascades entail adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent Ub/Ubl adenylation by an E1 activating enzyme (AE), formation of a high-energy thioester bond between a Ub/Ubl and AE, thioester transfer to an E2 conjugating enzyme, and formation of an amide bond after an amine substrate attacks the E2∼Ub/Ubl thioester.

How are thioesters, esters and amides formed?

So far we have been looking at the formation of thioesters, carboxylic esters, and amides, starting from carboxylates. In hydrolytic acyl substitution reactions, nucleophilic water is the incoming nucleophile and a carboxylate group is the final product.

How does Ub conjugation lead to thioester bond formation?

Ub conjugation is initiated by a Ub-activating enzyme that adopts different conformations to catalyze Ub activation, Ub-activating enzyme thioester bond formation, and thioester bond transfer to Ub-conjugating enzymes.

How is the E1 bound to the thioester bond?

In the first, with a Ub-adenylate mimetic (Ub-AMSN) bound, the E1 is in an open conformation before release of pyrophosphate. In the second, with a Ub-vinylsulfonamide (Ub-AVSN) bound covalently to the catalytic cysteine, the E1 is in a closed conformation required for thioester bond formation.